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                    01计算机组成原理与体系结构
            
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                    02系统配置与性能评价
            
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                    03操作系统基本原理
            
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                    04数据库系统
            
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                    05计算机网络基础
            
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                    06企业信息化战略与实施
            
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                    07软件工程
            
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                    09软件架构设计
            
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                    10系统安全分析与设计
            
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                    11系统可靠性分析与设计
            
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                    12法律法规与标准化知识
            
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                    13数学与经济管理
            
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                    14论文写作
            
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                    01计算机基础
            
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                    02信息系统基础知识
            
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                    03系统开发方法
            
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                    04项目开发管理
            
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                    05软件架构设计
            
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                    07设计模式
            
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                    08信息安全技术
            
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                    09知识产权保护
            
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                    10系统开发方法
            
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                    11嵌入式系统设计
            
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                    12软件测试相关知识
            
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                    13系统设计与分析方法
            
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                    14专业英语
            
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                    2021 11
            
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                <a href="2021-11/01计算机组成原理与体系结构.html">
            
                    
                    01计算机组成原理与体系结构
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2" data-path="2021-11/02系统配置与性能评价.html">
            
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                    02系统配置与性能评价
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="2021-11/03操作系统基本原理.html">
            
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                    03操作系统基本原理
            
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                    04数据库系统
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5" data-path="2021-11/05计算机网络基础.html">
            
                <a href="2021-11/05计算机网络基础.html">
            
                    
                    05计算机网络基础
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.6" data-path="2021-11/06企业信息化战略与实施.html">
            
                <a href="2021-11/06企业信息化战略与实施.html">
            
                    
                    06企业信息化战略与实施
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.7" data-path="2021-11/07软件工程.html">
            
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                    07软件工程
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.8" data-path="2021-11/08项目管理.html">
            
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                    08项目管理
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.9" data-path="2021-11/09软件架构设计.html">
            
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                    09软件架构设计
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.10" data-path="2021-11/10系统安全分析与设计.html">
            
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                    10系统安全分析与设计
            
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                <a href="2021-11/11系统可靠性分析与设计.html">
            
                    
                    11系统可靠性分析与设计
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.12" data-path="2021-11/12法律法规与标准化知识.html">
            
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                    12法律法规与标准化知识
            
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                    13数学与经济管理
            
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                    14论文写作
            
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                    Node Modules
            
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                    Argparse
            
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                    CHANGELOG
            
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                    Autolinker
            
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                    Boolbase
            
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                    Cheerio
            
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                    History
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5" data-path="node_modules/colors/README.md">
            
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                    Colors
            
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                    Concat With Sourcemaps
            
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                    LICENSE
            
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                    Core Util Is
            
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                    Css Select
            
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                    Css What
            
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                    Domelementtype
            
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                    Domhandler
            
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                    Domutils
            
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                    Entities
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Anchor Navigation Ex
            
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                    Doc
            
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                    Config En
            
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                    Config
            
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                    Effect Screenshot
            
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                    README EN
            
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                    Update Record En
            
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                    Update Record
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Chapter Fold
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Code
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Expandable Chapters
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Github
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Page Treeview
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Search Pro
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Splitter
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Tbfed Pagefooter
            
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                    Gitbook Plugin Todo
            
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                    Node Modules
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.1" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/cheerio/Readme.md">
            
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                    Cheerio
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.1.1" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/cheerio/CONTRIBUTING.md">
            
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                    CONTRIBUTING
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.1.2" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/cheerio/History.md">
            
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                    History
            
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            </ul>
            
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                    Css Select
            
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                    Css What
            
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                    Domhandler
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.5" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/domutils/readme.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Domutils
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.6" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/htmlparser2/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Htmlparser 2
            
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            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.6.1" >
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Node Modules
            
                </span>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.6.1.1" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/htmlparser2/node_modules/domutils/readme.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Domutils
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.6.1.2" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/htmlparser2/node_modules/entities/readme.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Entities
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.7" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/isarray/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Isarray
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.8" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/readable-stream/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Readable Stream
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.23.1.9" data-path="node_modules/gitbook-plugin-todo/node_modules/string_decoder/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    String Decoder
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.24" data-path="node_modules/github-slugid/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Github Slugid
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.25" data-path="node_modules/gulp-header/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Gulp Header
            
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            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.25.1" data-path="node_modules/gulp-header/changelog.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Changelog
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.26" data-path="node_modules/he/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    He
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.27" data-path="node_modules/html-entities/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Html Entities
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.28" data-path="node_modules/htmlparser2/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Htmlparser 2
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.29" data-path="node_modules/inherits/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Inherits
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.30" data-path="node_modules/isarray/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Isarray
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.31" data-path="node_modules/lodash/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Lodash
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.32" data-path="node_modules/lodash._reinterpolate/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash._reinterpolate
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.33" data-path="node_modules/lodash.assignin/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.assignin
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.34" data-path="node_modules/lodash.bind/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.bind
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.35" data-path="node_modules/lodash.defaults/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.defaults
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.36" data-path="node_modules/lodash.filter/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.filter
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.37" data-path="node_modules/lodash.flatten/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.flatten
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.38" data-path="node_modules/lodash.foreach/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.foreach
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.39" data-path="node_modules/lodash.map/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.map
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.40" data-path="node_modules/lodash.merge/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.merge
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.41" data-path="node_modules/lodash.pick/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.pick
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.42" data-path="node_modules/lodash.reduce/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.reduce
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.43" data-path="node_modules/lodash.reject/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.reject
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.44" data-path="node_modules/lodash.some/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.some
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.45" data-path="node_modules/lodash.template/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.template
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.46" data-path="node_modules/lodash.templatesettings/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    lodash.templatesettings
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.47" data-path="node_modules/moment/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Moment
            
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            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.47.1" data-path="node_modules/moment/CHANGELOG.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    CHANGELOG
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
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                <span>
            
                    
                    Node Html Parser
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.49" data-path="node_modules/nth-check/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Nth Check
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.50" data-path="node_modules/process-nextick-args/readme.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Process Nextick Args
            
                </a>
            

            
            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.50.1" data-path="node_modules/process-nextick-args/license.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    License
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.51" data-path="node_modules/readable-stream/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Readable Stream
            
                </a>
            

            
            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.51.1" data-path="node_modules/readable-stream/CONTRIBUTING.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    CONTRIBUTING
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.51.2" data-path="node_modules/readable-stream/GOVERNANCE.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    GOVERNANCE
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.52" data-path="node_modules/remarkable/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Remarkable
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.52.1" data-path="node_modules/remarkable/CHANGELOG.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    CHANGELOG
            
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        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.53" data-path="node_modules/remove-markdown/README.md">
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Remove Markdown
            
                </a>
            

            
            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.53.1" >
            
                <span>
            
                    
                    Test
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.53.1.1" data-path="node_modules/remove-markdown/test/markdown.md">
            
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                    Markdown
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
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                    Safe Buffer
            
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                    Source Map
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.55.1" data-path="node_modules/source-map/CHANGELOG.md">
            
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                    CHANGELOG
            
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                    Sprintf Js
            
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                    String Decoder
            
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                    Through 2
            
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                    Node Modules
            
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                    Readable Stream
            
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                    Doc
            
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                    Wg Meetings
            
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                    2015 01 30
            
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                    CONTRIBUTING
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.58.1.1.3" data-path="node_modules/through2/node_modules/readable-stream/GOVERNANCE.md">
            
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                    GOVERNANCE
            
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                    Safe Buffer
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.58.1.3" data-path="node_modules/through2/node_modules/string_decoder/README.md">
            
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                    String Decoder
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
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                    LICENSE
            
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                    Underscore
            
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                    Util Deprecate
            
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                    History
            
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                    Xtend
            
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                    01计算机基础
            
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                    03系统开发方法
            
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                    09知识产权保护
            
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                    10系统开发方法
            
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                    11嵌入式系统设计
            
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                    12软件测试相关知识
            
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                    13系统设计与分析方法
            
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<li><div><a href="#14">[14]</a><i></i></div></li>
<li><div><a href="#13">[13]</a><i></i></div></li>
<li><div><a href="#12">[12]</a><i></i></div></li>
<li><div><a href="#11">[11]</a><i></i></div></li>
<li><div><a href="#10">[10]</a><i></i></div></li>
<li><div><a href="#09">[09]</a><i></i></div></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h1 id="&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x82F1;&#x8BED;"><a name="&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x82F1;&#x8BED;" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#&#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x82F1;&#x8BED;"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1. &#x4E13;&#x4E1A;&#x82F1;&#x8BED;</h1>
<p>[toc]</p>
<h2 id="16&#x3001;15"><a name="16&#x3001;15" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#16&#x3001;15"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.1. [16&#x3001;15]</h2>
<p>The objective of( <strong>architecture design</strong> )is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware&#xFF0E;The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate&#xFF0E;All software systems can be divided into four basic functions&#xFF0E;The first is( <strong>data storage</strong> )&#xFF0E;Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved&#xFF0C;whether a small file&#xFF0C;such as a memo produced by a word processor,or a large database&#xFF0C;suc as one that stores an organization&apos;s accounting records&#xFF0E;The second function is the( <strong>data access logic</strong> )&#xFF0C;the processing required to access data&#xFF0C;which often means database queries in Structured Query Language&#xFF0E; The third function is the( <strong>application logic</strong> )&#xFF0C;which is the logic documented in the DFDs&#xFF0E;use cases&#xFF0E;and functional requirements&#xFF0E;The fourth function is the presentation logic&#xFF0C;the display of information to the user and the acc&#x5370;tance of the user&apos;s commands&#xFF0E;The three primary hardware components of a system are( <strong>clients**</strong>&#xFF0C;servers&#xFF0C;and network** )&#xFF0E;</p>
<p>&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x662F;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x54EA;&#x4E9B;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x5C06;&#x88AB;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x5230;&#x4F55;&#x79CD;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x51FA;&#x6B63;&#x5728;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x6784;&#x4EF6;&#x5E76;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x5230;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5C06;&#x8981;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x6784;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x53EF;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x56DB;&#x9879;&#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x3002;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x9879;&#x662F;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x3002;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x5E76;&#x68C0;&#x7D22;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x8BBA;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5C0F;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x5668;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5907;&#x5FD8;&#x5F55;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5927;&#x578B;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4F01;&#x4E1A;&#x4F1A;&#x8BA1;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x3002;&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x9879;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#xFF0C;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x662F;&#x6307;&#x7528;SQL&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x3002;&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x9879;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6D41;&#x56FE;&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x4F8B;&#x548C;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x9700;&#x6C42;&#x6765;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x3002;&#x7B2C;&#x56DB;&#x9879;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#xFF0C;&#x7ED9;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x5E76;&#x63A5;&#x6536;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x4E09;&#x7C7B;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x6784;&#x4EF6;&#x662F;&#x5BA2;&#x6237;&#x673A;&#x3001;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x5668;&#x548C;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="14"><a name="14" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#14"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.2. [14]</h2>
<p>Software architecture reconstruction is an interpretive&#xFF0C;interactive&#xFF0C;and iterative processincluding many activities&#xFF0E;( <strong>Information extraction</strong> )  involves analyzing a system&#x2019;S existing design and implementation artifacts to construct a model ofit&#xFF0E;The result is used in the following activities to construct a view of the system&#xFF0E;The database construction activity conveys the  ( <strong>elements and relations</strong> ) contained in the view into a standard format for storage in a database&#xFF0E;The  ( <strong>view fusion</strong> )  activity involves defining and manipulating the information stored in database to reconcile&#xFF0C;augment&#xFF0C; and establish connections between the elements&#xFF0E;Reconstruction consists of two primary activities&#xFF1A;  ( <strong>visualization and interaction</strong> ) and ( <strong>pattem definition and recognition</strong> )&#xFF0E;The former provides a mechanism for the user to manipulate architectural elements&#xFF0C;and the latter provides facilities for architecture reconstruction&#xFF0E;</p>
<p>&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x91CD;&#x6784;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x89E3;&#x91CA;&#x6027;&#x3001;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x5F0F;&#x548C;&#x53CD;&#x590D;&#x8FED;&#x4EE3;&#x7684;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x4E86;&#x591A;&#x9879;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x3002;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x63D0;&#x53D6;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x73B0;&#x6709;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x548C;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x5DE5;&#x4EF6;&#x6765;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5728;&#x540E;&#x7EED;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x4E2D;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x89C6;&#x56FE;&#x3002;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x6784;&#x5EFA;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x628A;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x4E2D;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x548C;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x4E3A;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x89C6;&#x56FE;&#x878D;&#x5408;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x548C;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x4E2D;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#xFF0C;&#x7406;&#x987A;&#x3001;&#x52A0;&#x5F3A;&#x5E76;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x8D77;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x3002;&#x91CD;&#x6784;&#x7531;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#xFF1A;&#x53EF;&#x89C6;&#x5316;&#x548C;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x8BB0;&#x53CA;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x548C;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x3002;&#x524D;&#x8005;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x8BA9;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#xFF0C;&#x540E;&#x8005;&#x5219;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x91CD;&#x6784;&#x7684;&#x8BBE;&#x65BD;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="13"><a name="13" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#13"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.3. [13]</h2>
<p>A system&#x2019;S architecture is a representation of a system in which there is a mapping of( <strong>functionality</strong> )onto hardware and software components&#xFF0C;a mapping of the  ( <strong>software architecture</strong> )  onto thehardware architecture&#xFF0C;and a concern for the human interaction with these components&#xFF0E;That is&#xFF0C; system architecture is concerned with a total system&#xFF0C;including hardware&#xFF0C;software&#xFF0C;and humans&#xFF0E;Software architectural structures Can be divided into three maj or categories&#xFF0C; depending on the broad nature ofthe elements they show&#xFF0E;1)  ( <strong>Module structures</strong> )  embody decisions as a set of code or data units that have to be constructed or procured&#xFF0E;2)  ( <strong>Component-and&#x2014;connector structures</strong> )  embody decisions as to how the system is to be structured as set of elements that have runtime behavior and interactions&#xFF0E;3) ( <strong>Allocation structures</strong> ) embody decisions as to how the system will relate to nonsoflware structures in its environment(such as CPUs&#xFF0C;file systems&#xFF0C;networks&#xFF0C;development teams&#xFF0C;etc&#xFF0E;)&#xFF0E;</p>
<p>&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#xFF0C;-&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x4E86;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x5230;&#x8F6F;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x6784;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x3001;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x5230;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x7684;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#x4EBA;&#x673A;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x3002;&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x5173;&#x6CE8;&#x4E8E;&#x6574;&#x4E2A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#x3001;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x548C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8005;&#x3002;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5176;&#x6240;&#x5C55;&#x793A;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x7684;&#x5E7F;&#x4E49;&#x6027;&#x8D28;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x88AB;&#x5206;&#x4E3A;&#x4E09;&#x4E2A;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x7C7B;&#x522B;&#x3002;&#x2460;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x5C06;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x4F53;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x88AB;&#x6784;&#x5EFA;&#x6216;&#x91C7;&#x8D2D;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x6216;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x3002;&#x2461;&#x6784;&#x4EF6;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x5668;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x5C06;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x4F53;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x88AB;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x5316;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x65F6;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x548C;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x7684;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x3002;&#x2462;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x5C06;&#x51B3;&#x7B56;&#x4F53;&#x73B0;&#x4E3A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x5728;&#x5176;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E2D;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x5230;&#x975E;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;CPU&#x3001;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x3001;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x3001;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x56E2;&#x961F;&#x7B49;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="12"><a name="12" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#12"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.4. [12]</h2>
<p>An application architecture specifies the technologies to be used to implement one or more information systems&#xFF0E;It serves as an outline for detailed design&#xFF0C;construction&#xFF0C;and implementation&#xFF0E;Given the models and details&#xFF0C;include  ( <strong>logical DFDs and ERD</strong> )  &#xFF0C;we can distribute data and processes to create a general design of application architecture&#xFF0E;The design will normally be constrained by architecture standards&#xFF0C;project objectives&#xFF0C;and   ( <strong>the feasibility of techniques used</strong> )  &#xFF0E;The first physical DFD to be drawn is the  ( <strong>network architecture DFD</strong> )  &#xFF0E;The next step is to distribute data stores to different processors&#xFF0E;Data   ( <strong>partitioning and replication</strong> )  are two types of distributed data which most RDBMSs support&#xFF0E;There are many distribution options used in data distribution&#xFF0E;In the case of  ( <strong>storing specific tables on different servers</strong> )  &#xFF0C;we should record each table as a data store on the physical DFD and connect each to the appropriate server&#xFF0E;</p>
<p>&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4E86;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6216;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x6240;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x3001;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x548C;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5927;&#x7EB2;&#x3002;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x4E86;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6D41;&#x56FE;&#x548C;&#x5B9E;&#x4F53;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#x56FE;&#x5728;&#x5185;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x548C;&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x8D44;&#x6599;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x548C;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4EE5;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6982;&#x8981;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x3002;&#x6982;&#x8981;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x4F1A;&#x53D7;&#x5230;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x3001;&#x9879;&#x76EE;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x548C;&#x6240;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x7684;&#x53EF;&#x884C;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x5236;&#x7EA6;&#x3002;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7ED8;&#x5236;&#x7684;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6D41;&#x56FE;&#x662F;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6D41;&#x56FE;&#x3002;&#x63A5;&#x4E0B;&#x6765;&#x662F;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x5230;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x5668;&#x3002;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5206;&#x533A;&#x548C;&#x590D;&#x5236;&#x662F;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x578B;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5E93;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x5F0F;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x6709;&#x8BB8;&#x591A;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5206;&#x5E03;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x5668;&#x4E0A;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x7279;&#x5B9A;&#x8868;&#x7684;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5E94;&#x8BE5;&#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x8868;&#x8BB0;&#x4E3A;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6D41;&#x56FE;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x5230;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x5668;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="11"><a name="11" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#11"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.5. [11]</h2>
<p>Information systems design is defined as those tasks that focus on the specification of a detailed computer-based solution. Typically, there are four systems design tasks for in-house development.</p>
<p>   1) The first task is to specify  ( <strong>an application architecture</strong> )  ,which defines the technologies to be used by one, more, or all information systems in terms of their data, processes, interfaces, and network components. This task is accomplished by analyzing the data models and process models that are initially created during requirements analys16.</p>
<p>   2) The next systems design task is to develop the  ( <strong>database design specifications</strong> )   . The purpose of this task is to prepare technical design specifications for a database that will be adaptable to future requirements and expansion.</p>
<p>   3) Once the database prototype has been built, the systems designer can work closely with system users to develop input, output and dialogue specifications. The  ( <strong>internal controls</strong> )  must be specified to ensure that the outputs are not lost, misrouted, misused, or incomplete.</p>
<p>   4) The fourth design task involves packaging all the specifications from the previous design tasks into a set of specifications that will guide the  ( <strong>computer programmer&#x2019;s</strong> )   activities during the following phases of the systems development methodology.</p>
<p>   Finally, we should  ( <strong>reevaluate project feasibility</strong> )   and update the project plan accordingly. The key deliverable should include a detailed plan for the construction phase that should follow.</p>
<h2 id="10"><a name="10" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#10"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.6. [10]</h2>
<p>The software architecture is a set of software components, subsystems, relationships, interactions, the properties of each of these elements,</p>
<p>and the set of guiding principles that together constitute the fundamental properties and constraints of a software system or set of systems. <strong>Architectural pattern</strong> defines a general set of element types and their interactions. The examples include Pipes and Filters, Model-View-Controller, and Reflection. A <strong>model</strong> in software architecture is a representation used to understand or document one or more aspects of a problem or solution. Architecture is usually used in conjunction with many adjunct terms. The <strong>business architecture</strong> defines the key strategies, organization, goals and related processes of the enterprise. At the enterprise level, the <strong>application architecture</strong> may be more of a set of guidelines on how the various software architectures should be constructed consistently across the enterprise. The <strong>reference architecture</strong> , which describes the high-level set of elements involved in application from a particular domain along with their interactions, is often used to focus on subsystem definition rather than application process level definition.</p>
<h2 id="09"><a name="09" class="anchor-navigation-ex-anchor" href="#09"><i class="fa fa-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>1.7. [09]</h2>
<p>An architectural Style defines as a family of such systems in terms of a <strong>pattern</strong> of structural organization.More specifically an architectural style defines a vocabulary of <strong>components</strong> and connector types, and a set of <strong>constrains</strong> on how they can be combined. For many styles there may also exist one or more <strong>semantic modles</strong> that specify how to determine a system&apos;s overall properties from the properties of its parts. Many of architectural styles have been developed over the years.The best-known examples of <strong>pipe-and-filter</strong> architectures are programs written in the Unix shell&#xFF0E;</p>
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